Rapacuronium for modified rapid sequence induction in elective caesarean section: neuromuscular blocking effects and safety compared with succinylcholine, and placental transfer.

We have compared rapacuronium 2.5 mg kg-1 (n = 20) with succinylcholine 1.5 mg kg-1 (n = 22) in a multicentre, blinded, randomized study in full-term parturients undergoing elective Caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Thiopental 5 mg kg-1 was given i.v. followed by the neuromuscular blocking agent. Sixty seconds later intubation was performed. Intubating conditions, evaluated as excellent, good or poor, were good to excellent in 95% and 91% in the intent-to-treat patients after rapacuronium and succinylcholine, respectively (ns). Mean onset times at the adductor pollicis muscle for rapacuronium and succinylcholine were 80.4 (SEM 14.4) s and 63.9 (5.6) s (ns) while maximum block was 96 (1.9)% and 99 (0.4)%, respectively (ns). Rate of recovery was significantly longer after rapacuronium; times for return of T1 to 25% were 16.9 (1.5) min and 9.6 (1.1) min for rapacuronium and succinylcholine, respectively (P = 0.0004). Maternal side effects included more tachycardia and skin erythema with rapacuronium; no maternal mortality or morbidity, including bronchospasm, occurred in either group. There were no neonatal adverse effects in either group based on: Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min; times to sustained respiration; neuroadaptive capacity scores at 15 min, 2 h and 24 h; and umbilical venous and arterial blood-gas values and acid-base status. At delivery (17.7 (3.2) min), mean maternal plasma concentrations of rapacuronium were 9041.4 (1259.1) ng ml-1 and 506.4 (24.9) ng ml-1 for Org 9488 (the main metabolite). Corresponding values for umbilical venous plasma were 808.0 (92.1) ng ml-1 and 59.1 (6.5) ng ml-1, and for umbilical arterial plasma, 361.4 (56.4) ng ml-1 and 29.7 (4.6) ng ml-1, respectively. Umbilical venous to maternal venous ratios for rapacuronium and Org 9488 were 8.8% (1.3)% and 10.2 (1.7)%, respectively.